Vestibular and auditory system12/12/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() This latter function of signal extraction could be used as a means of filtering self-generated sounds (Tomchik and Lu, 2006). Auditory efferents (the olivocochlear system) have been implicated in noise protection, sound localization, and the ability to discriminate signal from background noise (Kawase and Liberman, 1993 Kawase et al., 1993 Guinan, 2006, 2010 Ciuman, 2010). This type of efferent modulation is common in many vertebrate sensory systems, some examples of which include olfactory efferents in the pigeon (Atoji and Wild, 2014), somatosensory efferents in the rat (Zakiewicz et al., 2014), and retinal efferents in primates (Ortiz et al., 2017).Ī classic example of efferent modulation of sensory inflow can be found in the auditory system. When considered in the context of sensory information, efferent pathways provide the nervous system with the ability to adjust its own view of the external environment. This linear description of nervous system function is complicated by the central recruitment of efferent pathways, which innervate peripheral sensors and modulate their activity. Alteration in firing patterns of sensory afferents encodes information used by the central nervous system to modulate motor output. Sensory stimuli from the external environment activates peripheral receptors and, in turn, sensory afferent neurons. The flow of information through the nervous system can be viewed as relatively simple. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of EVS circuitry, its effects on vestibular hair cell and primary afferent activity, and discuss its potential functional roles. Hypotheses range from differentiating between passive and active movements at the level of vestibular afferents, to EVS activation under specific behavioral and environmental contexts such as arousal, predation, and locomotion. We consider current literature that implicate corollary discharge from the spinal cord through the efferent vestibular nucleus (EVN), and hint at a potential role in overall vestibular plasticity and compensation. The function of this efferent vestibular system (EVS) in vestibular and motor coordination though, has proven difficult to determine, and remains under debate. Vestibular efferents originate in the brainstem and terminate on hair cells and primary afferent fibers in the semicircular canals and otolith organs within the inner ear. Efferent circuits within the nervous system carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to sensory end organs. ![]()
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